Hi, sbxkoenk I'm sorry for replying this late. I forgot my password, and kept busy looking for more documentation. Thanks for your suggestion. I actually meant the covariance structure formula shown in table 18. for Spatial Covariance structure (your 2nd link) . My data after log transformation fitted for mixed model. I have three years but small dataset (in total 119), year as fixed effect. Now I am looking at the scaled residuals and comparing it between selected spatial covariance structure and independence model. Some of variables are correlated to each other, so I expected that independence model could not be best fit. I am using proc mixed for calculating correlogram, covariogram and semivariance using the formula given in table 18 (R-side covariance structure). I'm using SP Gaussian and SP Power spatial covariance structure. Do you know about any general formula for estimating semivariance from residuals, variences and covariance? I'm actually new in Geostatistics analysis. I might get misconception about it. I have been working on SAS from 2022. I still need to explore more in SAS for spatial analysis. Thanks
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