Hi Suk, I agree that the SAS documentation does not mention everything needed for how initial seeds are selected - I've started to write this process in open code but I'm struggling to get the first test right on datasets with more than 1,000 observations. As for the PSF value, I have written code that will replicate this value. It didn't take long to calculate each component by starting with a small dataset (say, 20 observations) and only 2 variables to play around with. I suggest the following links: http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jibs/journal/v37/n4/fig_tab/8400206t2.html https://www.khanacademy.org/math/probability/statistics-inferential/anova/v/anova-2-calculating-ssw-and-ssb-total-sum-of-squares-within-and-between-avi F-test - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ... View more