This will be huge topic, and I second @LinusH, the best option for you is getting touch with SAS tech support as well as SAS sales reps. Now, just to give you some bolts and nuts:
Before SAS 9, SAS mainly is a standalone software, we call it Base SAS regardless where it runs (PC/Server/mainframe), user initiate SAS.exe to run it. After SAS 9, client-server components have been largely integrated into SAS, now Base SAS is called "SAS foundation". Here is a typical post SAS 9 senario:
SAS enterprise guide (EG, the client) submit a request, after authenticated by SAS metadata server, the request is passed on to SAS application server, received by object spawner who is listening all the time, then initiated a SAS process called 'workspace server' (now, this is when Base SAS/Foundation SAS is called, eg. SAS.exe get to work. if it is running locally on your pc, it is SAS Workspace Server for Local Access, otherwise it is SAS Workspace Server for Enterprise Access).
SAS Framework Data Server is use to store logs, alarms etc for mid tier application, such Web report studio.
If you have mid tier applictions or use Java APIs, mostly likely you will need SAS Integration Technologies .
You will find all of the information on SAS website, but the easiest way to start is to take SAS admin fast track training.
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