While you could use a set of if-then-else statements to accomplish that, here's an alternative to that approach:
data ds1;
length score $20;
input subjid 1 score $ 4-13;
datalines;
1 Large
2 average
3 small
4 very small
5 Large
6 ittybitty
7 small
8 very small
9 not large
10 average
11 small
12 very small
;
run;
proc format;
invalue likertf "Large","average"=1
"small","very small"=0
other=.;
run;
data ds2;
set ds1;
likertnum = input(score,likertf.);
run;