Sure, use VNAME() to get the variable name. But you only have 10 variables, it's just as easy to list them, if the variable you want to exclude is first or last it's much easier as well.
Note that when doing type conversion in SAS you need to store them in a new variable so you'll have to create the new variable names anyways. In that case you may as well just list them.
Or it's usually easier to go back and fix your import, if that was the issue, and read in the data correctly the first time.
data want;
set have;
array old(*) $ _character_;
array new(*) $ new_varname1 new_varname2 ..... new_varname10;
do i=1 to dim(old);
if vname(old(i)) ne 'VariableName2Exclude' then
new(i) = input(old(i), 8.);
end;
run;