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annaliseshen
Fluorite | Level 6

When random effects exists, why are the results same from proc mixed and proc glm procedure ?

Say,This is a nonreplicated two-way cross-over study.

random effects is subject nested in sequence; fixed effects are treatment, sequence, period .

I mocked balanced data to try the proc mixed and proc glm , and find the same coefficient estimate there.

My main question is that as we know the

proc mixed treats random effect :subject within sequence as random effect

and 

proc glm treats random effect as fixed effect.

 

Why for balanced data , they will produce the same result ?????

what is the rationale behind it. I have googled a lot of information, none of them provide me specific information.

 

So, if you know the answer, please help me! Thanks in advance .

The SAS DATASET, CODE AND RESULT are attached blow. (This is a mock).

 

DATA TRY;
INPUT SUBJECT$ TREATMENT$ PERIOD SEQUENCE CONC;

DATALINES;
001 A 1 1 2.90
002 A 1 1 3.14
003 A 1 1 3.49
004 A 1 1 5.28
005 B 1 2 2.39
006 B 1 2 3.7
007 A 1 1 3.68
008 B 1 2 1.8
009 B 1 2 2.28
010 B 1 2 2.44
001 B 2 1 2.65
002 B 2 1 1.96
003 B 2 1 3.18
004 B 2 1 3.66
005 A 2 2 3.83
006 A 2 2 4.62
007 B 2 1 2.22
008 A 2 2 3.5
009 A 2 2 1.76
010 A 2 2 4.88
;
RUN;

ods output lsmeans=result2;
ods output lsmeandiffcl=result1;
ods output overallanova=result3;
/*****/PROC GLM DATA=TRY;
CLASS TREATMENT PERIOD SEQUENCE SUBJECT;
MODEL CONC=TREATMENT PERIOD SEQUENCE SUBJECT(SEQUENCE)/SOLUTION;
RANDOM SUBJECT(SEQUENCE);
LSMEANS TREATMENT/STDERR PDIFF=control("A","B") CL ALPHA=0.1 ADJUST=T;
RUN;

/***/
ods output Estimates=result1;
ods output LSMeans=result2 ;
ods output Diffs=result3 ;
PROC MIXED DATA=TRY;
CLASS TREATMENT PERIOD SEQUENCE SUBJECT;
MODEL CONC=TREATMENT PERIOD SEQUENCE/SOLUTION;
RANDOM SUBJECT(SEQUENCE);
LSMEANS TREATMENT/PDIFF=control("A","B") CL ALPHA=0.1 ;
RUN;

 

 

The SAS System

 

The GLM Procedure

Class Level Information

Class

Levels

Values

TREATMENT

2

A B

PERIOD

2

1 2

SEQUENCE

2

1 2

SUBJECT

10

001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010

 

Number of Observations Read

20

Number of Observations Used

20

 

 

The SAS System

 

The GLM Procedure

 

Dependent Variable: CONC

Source

DF

Sum of Squares

Mean Square

F Value

Pr > F

Model

11

16.14470000

1.46770000

3.59

0.0402

Error

8

3.27122000

0.40890250

 

 

Corrected Total

19

19.41592000

 

 

 

 

R-Square

Coeff Var

Root MSE

CONC Mean

0.831519

20.18481

0.639455

3.168000

 

Source

DF

Type I SS

Mean Square

F Value

Pr > F

TREATMENT

1

5.83200000

5.83200000

14.26

0.0054

PERIOD

1

0.06728000

0.06728000

0.16

0.6956

SEQUENCE

1

0.04608000

0.04608000

0.11

0.7457

SUBJECT(SEQUENCE)

8

10.19934000

1.27491750

3.12

0.0641

 

Source

DF

Type III SS

Mean Square

F Value

Pr > F

TREATMENT

1

5.83200000

5.83200000

14.26

0.0054

PERIOD

1

0.06728000

0.06728000

0.16

0.6956

SEQUENCE

1

0.04608000

0.04608000

0.11

0.7457

SUBJECT(SEQUENCE)

8

10.19934000

1.27491750

3.12

0.0641

 

Parameter

Estimate

 

Standard Error

t Value

Pr > |t|

Intercept

3.178000000

B

0.49531959

6.42

0.0002

TREATMENT A

1.080000000

B

0.28597290

3.78

0.0054

TREATMENT B

0.000000000

B

.

.

.

PERIOD 1

-0.116000000

B

0.28597290

-0.41

0.6956

PERIOD 2

0.000000000

B

.

.

.

SEQUENCE 1

-0.710000000

B

0.63945485

-1.11

0.2991

SEQUENCE 2

0.000000000

B

.

.

.

SUBJECT(SEQUENCE) 001 1

-0.175000000

B

0.63945485

-0.27

0.7913

SUBJECT(SEQUENCE) 002 1

-0.400000000

B

0.63945485

-0.63

0.5490

SUBJECT(SEQUENCE) 003 1

0.385000000

B

0.63945485

0.60

0.5638

SUBJECT(SEQUENCE) 004 1

1.520000000

B

0.63945485

2.38

0.0448

SUBJECT(SEQUENCE) 007 1

0.000000000

B

.

.

.

SUBJECT(SEQUENCE) 005 2

-0.550000000

B

0.63945485

-0.86

0.4148

SUBJECT(SEQUENCE) 006 2

0.500000000

B

0.63945485

0.78

0.4568

SUBJECT(SEQUENCE) 008 2

-1.010000000

B

0.63945485

-1.58

0.1529

SUBJECT(SEQUENCE) 009 2

-1.640000000

B

0.63945485

-2.56

0.0334

SUBJECT(SEQUENCE) 010 2

0.000000000

B

.

.

.

 

Note:

The X'X matrix has been found to be singular, and a generalized inverse was used to solve the normal equations. Terms whose estimates are followed by the letter 'B' are not uniquely estimable.

 

 

The SAS System

 

The GLM Procedure

Source

Type III Expected Mean Square

TREATMENT

Var(Error) + Q(TREATMENT)

PERIOD

Var(Error) + Q(PERIOD)

SEQUENCE

Var(Error) + 2 Var(SUBJECT(SEQUENCE)) + Q(SEQUENCE)

SUBJECT(SEQUENCE)

Var(Error) + 2 Var(SUBJECT(SEQUENCE))

 

 

The SAS System

 

The GLM Procedure

Least Squares Means

TREATMENT

CONC LSMEAN

Standard Error

H0:LSMEAN=0

H0:LSMean1=LSMean2

Pr > |t|

Pr > |t|

A

3.70800000

0.20221338

<.0001

0.0054

B

2.62800000

0.20221338

<.0001

 

 

TREATMENT

CONC LSMEAN

90% Confidence Limits

A

3.708000

3.331975

4.084025

B

2.628000

2.251975

3.004025

 

Least Squares Means for Effect TREATMENT

i

j

Difference Between
Means

90% Confidence Limits for LSMean(i)-LSMean(j)

2

1

-1.080000

-1.611780

-0.548220

 

 

Proc mixed

The SAS System

 

The Mixed Procedure

Model Information

Data Set

WORK.TRY

Dependent Variable

CONC

Covariance Structure

Variance Components

Estimation Method

REML

Residual Variance Method

Profile

Fixed Effects SE Method

Model-Based

Degrees of Freedom Method

Containment

 

Class Level Information

Class

Levels

Values

TREATMENT

2

A B

PERIOD

2

1 2

SEQUENCE

2

1 2

SUBJECT

10

001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010

 

Dimensions

Covariance Parameters

2

Columns in X

7

Columns in Z

10

Subjects

1

Max Obs Per Subject

20

 

Number of Observations

Number of Observations Read

20

Number of Observations Used

20

Number of Observations Not Used

0

 

Iteration History

Iteration

Evaluations

-2 Res Log Like

Criterion

0

1

50.47676453

 

1

1

48.01890254

0.00000000

 

Convergence criteria met.

 

Covariance Parameter Estimates

Cov Parm

Estimate

SUBJECT(SEQUENCE)

0.4330

Residual

0.4089

 

Fit Statistics

-2 Res Log Likelihood

48.0

AIC (smaller is better)

52.0

AICC (smaller is better)

52.9

BIC (smaller is better)

52.6

 

Solution for Fixed Effects

Effect

TREATMENT

PERIOD

SEQUENCE

Estimate

Standard Error

DF

t Value

Pr > |t|

Intercept

 

 

 

2.6380

0.4103

8

6.43

0.0002

TREATMENT

A

 

 

1.0800

0.2860

8

3.78

0.0054

TREATMENT

B

 

 

0

.

.

.

.

PERIOD

 

1

 

-0.1160

0.2860

8

-0.41

0.6956

PERIOD

 

2

 

0

.

.

.

.

SEQUENCE

 

 

1

0.09600

0.5050

8

0.19

0.8540

SEQUENCE

 

 

2

0

.

.

.

.

 

Type 3 Tests of Fixed Effects

Effect

Num DF

Den DF

F Value

Pr > F

TREATMENT

1

8

14.26

0.0054

PERIOD

1

8

0.16

0.6956

SEQUENCE

1

8

0.04

0.8540

 

Least Squares Means

Effect

TREATMENT

Estimate

Standard Error

DF

t Value

Pr > |t|

Alpha

Lower

Upper

TREATMENT

A

3.7080

0.2902

8

12.78

<.0001

0.1

3.1684

4.2476

TREATMENT

B

2.6280

0.2902

8

9.06

<.0001

0.1

2.0884

3.1676

 

Differences of Least Squares Means

Effect

TREATMENT

_TREATMENT

Estimate

Standard Error

DF

t Value

Pr > |t|

Alpha

Lower

Upper

TREATMENT

B

A

-1.0800

0.2860

8

-3.78

0.0054

0.1

-1.6118

-0.5482

 
3 REPLIES 3
annaliseshen
Fluorite | Level 6

You can find the coefficient estimate for treatment A and B are almost the same values from prc mixed and proc glm .

annaliseshen
Fluorite | Level 6

Yes, Absolutely. My question is why it is the same reslut from prc glm and proc mixed. 

SteveDenham
Jade | Level 19

Because your data and model are balanced, the point estimates should be the same (at least to a few decimal places).  However, variance estimates are quite different.  Look at the size of the standard errors for the least squares means.  For GLM (a narrow inference approach), they are 0.2022..., while for MIXED (a broad inference approach), they are 0.2902, an increase of almost 45%.  Note also that the F test for sequence differs for the two approaches, due to the nesting of subjects within treatment*period.

 

That is the difference.  Take a look at Littell et al.'s SAS for Mixed Models, 2nd ed. for additional material that compares GLM to MIXED.

 

Steve Denham

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