topic Re: %lowcase vs lowcase in New SAS User

%lowcase vs lowcase

cosmid — Mon, 14 Apr 2025 20:57:09 GMT

Hi,

Sample data and code:

data sample_values;
  input letter $;
datalines;
A
B
C
run;

data lower_values;
  set sample_values;
  
  x = %lowcase(letter);
  y = lowcase(letter);
run;

proc print data=lower_values;
run;

The result:

Obs	letter	x	y
1	A	    A	a
2	B	    B	b
3	C	    C	c

Question 1:

For the first observation, the %lowcase didn't work, Is it because the %lowcase executed at compile time and the value for LETTER is still missing?

Question 2:
What happened during the 2nd iteration for x?

x = %lowcase(letter);

If %lowcase is executed only once, what would the above line be equivalent to in the 2nd iteration?

Thanks!

Re: %lowcase vs lowcase

PaigeMiller — Mon, 14 Apr 2025 21:34:45 GMT

%LOWCASE should be used only on macro variables or the results of a macro expression. Example:

%let letter = A;
%put %lowcase(&letter);

LOWCASE should only be used on data set variables, or an expression involving data set variables. Example:

data fake;
    letter='A';
    letter2=lowcase(letter);
run;

If you use %LOWCASE when you should use LOWCASE, you may not get an error, but you may get unexpected results. So don't mix and match macro functions when you should be using normal functions, and vice versa.

Re: %lowcase vs lowcase

quickbluefish — Mon, 14 Apr 2025 22:55:37 GMT

Yes, I'll just add one bit to what @PaigeMiller said, which is that the only place you'd sensibly use either one and expect to get the same results is if the argument is a string literal as opposed to a variable name.

data test;
x=%lowcase("Here is a STRING");
y=lowcase("Here is a STRING");
run;

Re: %lowcase vs lowcase

Tom — Mon, 14 Apr 2025 22:58:12 GMT

Actually %LOWCASE() executed BEFORE compile time. That is because it is not part of the SAS language, but is instead part of the SAS Macro Language. The macro processor pre-processes the text of your program and the results are then sent on to SAS itself to evaluate and run.

So this step

data lower_values;
  set sample_values;
  x = %lowcase(LETTER);
  y = lowcase(letter);
run;

will be converted by the macro pre-processor into this step

data lower_values;
  set sample_values;
  x = letter;
  y = lowcase(letter);
run;

Which will then be compiled and run by SAS.

Re: %lowcase vs lowcase

PaigeMiller — Mon, 14 Apr 2025 23:34:09 GMT

@quickbluefish wrote:

Yes, I'll just add one bit to what @PaigeMiller said, which is that the only place you'd sensibly use either one and expect to get the same results is if the argument is a string literal as opposed to a variable name.
data test;
x=%lowcase("Here is a STRING");
y=lowcase("Here is a STRING");
run;

But I said you should not use %LOWCASE with data step variables or data step expressions. Yes, it works the way you said for this particular string, but don't use %LOWCASE here, it is simply a very bad habit to get into, as there are many cases where it will not produce the same answer.

Re: %lowcase vs lowcase

quickbluefish — Tue, 15 Apr 2025 00:40:38 GMT

It's a contrived example for illustrating a point, of course - basically, so that someone will understand the difference (or occasionally lack thereof) between the two. Here's another:

** in SAS Studio, this runs in about 1 minute 7 seconds: ;
data test;
do i=1 to 100000000;
    x='frog';
    foundit=(index(lowcase('This is a very long string that 
    contains all sorts of text including FROG and Cats'),x));
    output;
end;
run;

** ...whereas the same thing, using %lowcase, runs in about 8 seconds ;
data test;
do i=1 to 100000000;
    x='frog';
    foundit=(index(%lowcase('This is a very long string that 
    contains all sorts of text including FROG and Cats'),x));
    output;
end;
run;