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    <title>topic Re: Moving Average Errors vs. Error Correction Term (Serial Correlation) in SAS Forecasting and Econometrics</title>
    <link>https://communities.sas.com/t5/SAS-Forecasting-and-Econometrics/Moving-Average-Errors-vs-Error-Correction-Term-Serial/m-p/139207#M856</link>
    <description>&lt;HTML&gt;&lt;HEAD&gt;&lt;/HEAD&gt;&lt;BODY&gt;&lt;P&gt;AR model: An autoregression mode is a regression of the variable against itself (&lt;EM&gt;past values of the forecast variable&lt;/EM&gt;). An autoregressive model of order p, AR(p) can be written as &lt;SPAN style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-5"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-6"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-7" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;y&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-8"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-9"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-10" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-11" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;"&gt;=&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-12" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; padding-left: 0.278em;"&gt;c&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-13" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-14" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-15" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;ϕ&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-16"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-17"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-18" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;1&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-19"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-20" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;y&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-21"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-22"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-23" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-24" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;−&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-25" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;1&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-26" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-27" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-28" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;ϕ&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-29"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-30"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-31" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;2&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-32"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-33" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;y&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-34"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-35"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-36" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-37" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;−&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-38" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;2&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-39" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-40" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;⋯&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-41" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-42" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-43" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;ϕ&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-44"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-45"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-46" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;p&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-47"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-48" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;y&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-49"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-50"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-51" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-52" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;−&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-53" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;p&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-54" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-55" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-56" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;e&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-57"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-58"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-59" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-60" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;, &lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;where &lt;SPAN style=": ; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-62"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-63" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;c&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt; is a constant and &lt;SPAN style=": ; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-65"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-66"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-67" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;e&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-68" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt; is white noise. &lt;/P&gt;&lt;P&gt;MA model: In contrast to the AR model, a moving average model uses past forecast errors in a regression-like model. A moving average model of order q, MA(q) can be written as &lt;SPAN style=": ; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-2"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-3"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-4" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;y&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-5"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-6"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-7" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-8" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;"&gt;=&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-9" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; padding-left: 0.278em;"&gt;c&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-10" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-11" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-12" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;e&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-13" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-14" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-15" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-16" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;θ&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-17"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-18"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-19" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;1&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-20"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-21" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;e&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-22"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-23"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-24" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-25" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;−&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-26" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;1&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-27" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-28" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-29" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;θ&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-30"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-31"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-32" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;2&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-33"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-34" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;e&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-35"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-36"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-37" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-38" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;−&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-39" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;2&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-40" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-41" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;⋯&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-42" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-43" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-44" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;θ&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-45"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-46"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-47" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;q&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-48"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-49" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;e&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-50"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-51"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-52" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-53" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;−&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-54" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;q&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-55" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;, &lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;where &lt;SPAN class="MathJax_Preview"&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style=": ; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-57"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-58"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-59" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;e&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-60" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt; is white noise.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;P&gt;In both cases, the error term is white noise. And from the formula above, we can clearly see how error terms are modeled differently in the two models.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;P&gt;In an AR model, the lagged values of &lt;SPAN style=": ; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-70"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-71"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-72" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;y&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-73" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt; are predictors. And the error term &lt;SPAN class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-65"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-66"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-67" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;e&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-68" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt; in the model is just like the error term in a multiple linear regression.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;P&gt;In an MA model, the past forecast errors are predictors.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;P&gt;One thing to notice is that It is possible to write any stationary AR(&lt;SPAN style=": ; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-91"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-92" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;p&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;) model as an infinite MA model, and &lt;SPAN style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; background-color: #fafafa;"&gt;an (invertible) MA&lt;/SPAN&gt;(&lt;SPAN class="MathJax_Preview"&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-8-Frame"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-91"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-92" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;p&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;) &lt;SPAN style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; background-color: #fafafa;"&gt;can be written as an infinite AR.&lt;SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;BR /&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BODY&gt;&lt;/HTML&gt;</description>
    <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jan 2015 17:36:20 GMT</pubDate>
    <dc:creator>Puwang</dc:creator>
    <dc:date>2015-01-30T17:36:20Z</dc:date>
    <item>
      <title>Moving Average Errors vs. Error Correction Term (Serial Correlation)</title>
      <link>https://communities.sas.com/t5/SAS-Forecasting-and-Econometrics/Moving-Average-Errors-vs-Error-Correction-Term-Serial/m-p/139206#M855</link>
      <description>&lt;HTML&gt;&lt;HEAD&gt;&lt;/HEAD&gt;&lt;BODY&gt;&lt;P&gt;I wanted to understand the difference between error correction term (Nlag in Proc Autoreg) and Moving Average Errors in Proc Arima. &lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BODY&gt;&lt;/HTML&gt;</description>
      <pubDate>Tue, 27 Jan 2015 03:20:15 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://communities.sas.com/t5/SAS-Forecasting-and-Econometrics/Moving-Average-Errors-vs-Error-Correction-Term-Serial/m-p/139206#M855</guid>
      <dc:creator>Ecotrix</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2015-01-27T03:20:15Z</dc:date>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Re: Moving Average Errors vs. Error Correction Term (Serial Correlation)</title>
      <link>https://communities.sas.com/t5/SAS-Forecasting-and-Econometrics/Moving-Average-Errors-vs-Error-Correction-Term-Serial/m-p/139207#M856</link>
      <description>&lt;HTML&gt;&lt;HEAD&gt;&lt;/HEAD&gt;&lt;BODY&gt;&lt;P&gt;AR model: An autoregression mode is a regression of the variable against itself (&lt;EM&gt;past values of the forecast variable&lt;/EM&gt;). An autoregressive model of order p, AR(p) can be written as &lt;SPAN style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-5"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-6"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-7" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;y&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-8"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-9"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-10" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-11" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;"&gt;=&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-12" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; padding-left: 0.278em;"&gt;c&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-13" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-14" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-15" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;ϕ&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-16"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-17"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-18" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;1&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-19"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-20" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;y&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-21"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-22"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-23" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-24" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;−&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-25" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;1&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-26" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-27" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-28" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;ϕ&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-29"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-30"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-31" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;2&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-32"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-33" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;y&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-34"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-35"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-36" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-37" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;−&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-38" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;2&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-39" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-40" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;⋯&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-41" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-42" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-43" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;ϕ&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-44"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-45"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-46" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;p&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-47"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-48" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;y&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-49"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-50"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-51" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-52" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;−&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-53" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;p&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-54" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-55" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-56" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;e&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-57"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-58"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-59" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-60" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;, &lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;where &lt;SPAN style=": ; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-62"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-63" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;c&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt; is a constant and &lt;SPAN style=": ; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-65"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-66"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-67" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;e&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-68" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt; is white noise. &lt;/P&gt;&lt;P&gt;MA model: In contrast to the AR model, a moving average model uses past forecast errors in a regression-like model. A moving average model of order q, MA(q) can be written as &lt;SPAN style=": ; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-2"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-3"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-4" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;y&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-5"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-6"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-7" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-8" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.278em;"&gt;=&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-9" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic; padding-left: 0.278em;"&gt;c&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-10" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-11" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-12" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;e&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-13" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-14" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-15" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-16" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;θ&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-17"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-18"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-19" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;1&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-20"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-21" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;e&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-22"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-23"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-24" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-25" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;−&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-26" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;1&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-27" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-28" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-29" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;θ&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-30"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-31"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-32" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;2&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-33"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-34" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;e&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-35"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-36"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-37" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-38" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;−&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-39" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;2&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-40" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-41" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;⋯&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-42" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;+&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-43" style="padding-left: 0.222em;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-44" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;θ&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-45"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-46"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-47" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;q&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-48"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-49" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;e&lt;SPAN class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-50"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-51"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-52" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-53" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;−&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-54" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;q&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-55" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;"&gt;, &lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;where &lt;SPAN class="MathJax_Preview"&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style=": ; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-57"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-58"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-59" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;e&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-60" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt; is white noise.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;P&gt;In both cases, the error term is white noise. And from the formula above, we can clearly see how error terms are modeled differently in the two models.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;P&gt;In an AR model, the lagged values of &lt;SPAN style=": ; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-70"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-71"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-72" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;y&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-73" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt; are predictors. And the error term &lt;SPAN class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-65"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-66"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-67" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;e&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-68" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;t&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt; in the model is just like the error term in a multiple linear regression.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;P&gt;In an MA model, the past forecast errors are predictors.&lt;/P&gt;&lt;P&gt;One thing to notice is that It is possible to write any stationary AR(&lt;SPAN style=": ; font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-91"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-92" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;p&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;) model as an infinite MA model, and &lt;SPAN style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; background-color: #fafafa;"&gt;an (invertible) MA&lt;/SPAN&gt;(&lt;SPAN class="MathJax_Preview"&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN class="MathJax" id="MathJax-Element-8-Frame"&gt;&lt;SPAN style="font-size: 130%;"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-91"&gt;&lt;SPAN class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-92" style="font-family: MathJax_Math; font-style: italic;"&gt;p&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;) &lt;SPAN style="color: #444444; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; background-color: #fafafa;"&gt;can be written as an infinite AR.&lt;SPAN class="Apple-converted-space"&gt; &lt;BR /&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BODY&gt;&lt;/HTML&gt;</description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jan 2015 17:36:20 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://communities.sas.com/t5/SAS-Forecasting-and-Econometrics/Moving-Average-Errors-vs-Error-Correction-Term-Serial/m-p/139207#M856</guid>
      <dc:creator>Puwang</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2015-01-30T17:36:20Z</dc:date>
    </item>
    <item>
      <title>Re: Moving Average Errors vs. Error Correction Term (Serial Correlation)</title>
      <link>https://communities.sas.com/t5/SAS-Forecasting-and-Econometrics/Moving-Average-Errors-vs-Error-Correction-Term-Serial/m-p/139208#M857</link>
      <description>&lt;HTML&gt;&lt;HEAD&gt;&lt;/HEAD&gt;&lt;BODY&gt;&lt;P&gt;FYI, you can find some detailed concept descriptions in &lt;A href="http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi28/252-28.pdf" style="text-decoration: underline;" title="http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi28/252-28.pdf"&gt;http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi28/252-28.pdf&lt;/A&gt;&lt;SPAN style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5em;"&gt; and &lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5em;"&gt;the relationship between&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"&gt; stationary AR &lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;SPAN style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; background-color: #ffffff;"&gt;model and MA model in &lt;A href="https://www.otexts.org/fpp/8/4" style="text-decoration: underline;" title="https://www.otexts.org/fpp/8/4"&gt;https://www.otexts.org/fpp/8/4&lt;/A&gt;.&lt;/SPAN&gt;&lt;/P&gt;&lt;/BODY&gt;&lt;/HTML&gt;</description>
      <pubDate>Fri, 30 Jan 2015 18:23:34 GMT</pubDate>
      <guid>https://communities.sas.com/t5/SAS-Forecasting-and-Econometrics/Moving-Average-Errors-vs-Error-Correction-Term-Serial/m-p/139208#M857</guid>
      <dc:creator>YueLi</dc:creator>
      <dc:date>2015-01-30T18:23:34Z</dc:date>
    </item>
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